WASHINGTON — The White House and congressional Democrats are divided over a politically charged lawsuit that raises novel constitutional issues: the House’s long-running attempt to compel President Donald J. Trump’s former White House counsel, Donald F. McGahn II, to testify about Mr. Trump’s efforts to obstruct the Russia inquiry.
When Democrats controlled only the House, it was simpler for their leaders to unite behind subpoenaing Mr. McGahn. But the officials who now run the executive branch, especially President Biden’s White House lawyers, are hesitant about establishing a precedent that Republicans might someday use to force them to testify about their own internal matters.
A glimpse of the institutional disconnect became public late Wednesday, when the Justice Department — which under Mr. Trump had been representing Mr. McGahn in fighting the lawsuit — asked an appeals court to delay arguments in the case scheduled for Tuesday, citing the recent change in administrations.
“The new administration wishes to explore whether an accommodation might be available with respect to the committee’s request,” the filing said. “Discussions among the relevant parties have begun, and the new administration believes the parties would benefit from additional time to pursue these discussions.”
But Douglas N. Letter, a lawyer for House Democrats — and, effectively, Speaker Nancy Pelosi — opposed that motion, urging the full Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit to press forward without delay.
“We appreciate the Biden administration’s efforts to settle this case, and we have actively participated in those efforts,” Mr. Letter wrote. “But we do not believe that postponing the argument will improve the prospect of a settlement or serve the interests of judicial efficiency or fairness to the parties.”
House Democrats were frustrated that the Trump administration’s uncompromising approach and litigation strategy succeeded in running out the clock, preventing any testimony by Mr. McGahn before the 2020 election. In his motion, Mr. Letter raised doubts that any compromise involving Mr. Trump would be possible, warning that delay could further thwart Congress’s constitutional oversight powers.
The case centers on Mr. McGahn’s role as an important witness in the report by the special counsel, Robert S. Mueller III, about efforts by Mr. Trump to obstruct the investigation. After the Justice Department made most of the report public, the House Judiciary Committee subpoenaed Mr. McGahn to testify at an oversight hearing. When he refused to appear, on Mr. Trump’s instructions, the committee sued.
The Justice Department under Mr. Trump had argued that Mr. McGahn was “absolutely immune” from any compelled appearance before Congress to testify about his work duties. But in August, the full District of Columbia Circuit rejected that theory.
Justice Department lawyers under the Trump administration continued to fight the subpoena on other legal grounds, however, arguing that Congress had no “cause of action” that authorized it to sue the executive branch. (The executive branch has taken that position under administrations of both parties, and the Justice Department said it was “prepared to proceed” with the argument as scheduled if the court denied its request for a delay.)
The dispute is further complicated by the fact that there are so many participants — House Democrats, Mr. McGahn, the Biden administration and potentially Mr. Trump. The former president has not been a party to the lawsuit, but he might try to intervene and assert executive privilege — yet another issue that has not yet been adjudicated in the matter — if the executive branch under Mr. Biden drops out of the case.
Patrick F. Philbin, a former deputy White House counsel who is one of the people Mr. Trump designated to deal with residual issues related to presidential records, declined to comment.
William A. Burck, a lawyer for Mr. McGahn, has previously said that his client intended to defer to the president’s instructions, pending a final judicial order. A person familiar with the deliberations said Mr. Burck had not taken a position on what Mr. McGahn would do if Mr. Biden were to instruct him to talk to Congress, but Mr. Trump still told him not to.
Stuart F. Delery, a deputy White House counsel, said in an interview that the negotiations are still preliminary but that the Biden administration would like more time to try to resolve the dispute while preserving the “institutional interests connected to the presidency.”
There are few legal precedents. A rare and limited guidepost is a 1977 case, Nixon v. General Services Administration. In it, the Supreme Court ruled that Richard M. Nixon could assert executive privilege claims over official records from his White House even though he was no longer the president — but it also weighed that assertion against the contrary view of the sitting president at the time, Jimmy Carter.
That dispute, however, centered on control of Nixon-era White House documents, not a subpoena for a former lawyer’s testimony. Another question is how attorney-client privilege works for a former White House lawyer when the presidency changes hands — and what would happen if Mr. Trump were to file a bar ethics complaint going after Mr. McGahn’s law license if he cooperates with the House at Mr. Biden’s request but over Mr. Trump’s objections.
Many such questions have no definitive answers because until recently, it was exceedingly rare for such disputes to be fought without compromise, leading to judicial rulings. But the McGahn subpoena lawsuit is one of an unprecedented number of lawsuits pitting the two branches against each other in court that arose after Democrats took over the House following the 2018 midterm election and Mr. Trump vowed to stonewall “all” subpoenas.
The lawsuit over the McGahn subpoena echoes a similar dispute that President Barack Obama inherited when he took over from President George W. Bush in 2009. House Democrats investigating Mr. Bush’s firings of United States attorneys had issued a subpoena for testimony by Harriet Miers, Mr. Bush’s White House counsel at the time, leading to a lawsuit.
Explaining that Mr. Obama did not want to weaken the presidency as an institution, Mr. Obama’s then White House counsel, Gregory B. Craig, worked out a compromise with a representative of Mr. Bush, Emmet Flood, and the Judiciary Committee under which Democrats were able to confidentially interview Ms. Miers about the topic, with limits.
The settlement mooted the case, so the District of Columbia Circuit never issued a binding ruling, leaving the legal question unresolved. The result left the White House with more wiggle room in future disputes — including letting the Trump White House raise anew the idea that Mr. McGahn was absolutely immune after the House subpoenaed him.
But there are some important differences between 2009 and 2021. Helping ease the way to cooperation, Mr. Bush — unlike Mr. Trump — had overseen a smooth transition to his successor, and Mr. Craig and Mr. Flood were former law partners on friendly terms. It is far from clear that Mr. Trump will be as open to the idea of compromising.
Mr. Letter invoked Mr. Trump’s history of stonewalling in warning that it made no sense to delay the full District of Columbia Circuit’s consideration of the case since settlements discussions could fail.
Such a delay “could prevent the committee from securing McGahn’s testimony for much of the 117th Congress, just as it was prevented from securing that testimony for almost the entire duration of the 116th Congress,” he wrote.
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